Resources

Choosing a technology

Choosing an appropriate technology

Millennium Goal Progress

• UNDP Human Development Reports

Global Disease Burden from Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene

• Estimating the Burden of Disease from Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene at a
  Global Level

• Microbiological Safety of Drinking Water: United States and Global Perspectives
   

Water Quantity Requirements

• Solutions for a Water-Short World (per capita demands)

• WHO on Quantity

• Availability of Irrigation Water for Domestic Use in Pakistan: Its Impact on Prevalence of Diarrhoea and Nutritional Status of Children

Waterborne Disease

Immunity

• Effect of Prior Experimental Human Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection on Illness following Homologous and Heterologous Rechallenge
•  

Traveler warnings

• Safe water for travelers
• Risks from Food and Drink

Calicivirus

• Calicivirus—An Emerging Contaminant in Water: State of the Art

Cholera

• Reduction of cholera in Bangladeshi villages by simple filtration

Cryptosporidium

• New Insights into Human Cryptosporidiosis
• Cryptosporidiosis: A Global Challenge
• Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review of an emerging parasitic coccidian
• Cell Culture-Taqman PCR Assay for Evaluation of Cryptosporidium parvum Disinfection (includes effects of ozone, chlorine, MIOX, UV)

Effects of Storage and Household Chlorination

• Chlorination and safe storage of household drinking water in developing countries to reduce waterborne disease
• Diarrhea Prevention through Household-Level Water Disinfection and Safe Storage in Zambia
• Safe Water System (chlorine, storage, behavior modification)
• Seeking Safe Storage: A Comparison of Drinking Water Quality in Clay and Plastic Vessels
• Chlorination and safe storage of household drinking water in developing countries to reduce waterborne disease

Intermittent Water Supply

• Water quality problems associated with intermittent water
  supply
• Controlling water quality in intermittent supply systems

Multiple barrier approach

• A fatal waterborne disease epidemic in Walkerton, Ontario: comparison with other waterborne outbreaks in the developed world
• Conventional Water Treatment at Penticton, CA

Surface water contamination

• Microbial Load of Drinking Water Reservoir Tributaries during Extreme Rainfall and Runoff
• Water sources are associated with childhood diarrhoea prevalence in rural east-central Mali

Point of Use Treatment

• Not Just a Drop in the Bucket: Expanding Access to Point-of-Use Water Treatment Systems
• International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage
• 2004 International Symposium: Household Technologies for Safe Water
• CDC Safe Water System Handbook
• SWI Survey of Home Water Treatment and Storage Systems

Alternative Coagulants

• Chitosan
• Moringa oleifera

Filters

• Depth Filtration: Fundamental Investigation through Three-Dimensional Trajectory Analysis
• Effect of Point-of-Use, Activated Carbon Filters on the Bacteriological Quality of Rural Groundwater Supplies
• Effects of activated carbon and bacteriostatic filters on microbiological quality of drinking water
• Microbiological contamination of drinking water in a commercial household water filter system
• Survival of Selected Bacterial Species in Sterilized Activated Carbon Filters and Biological Activated Carbon Filters
  • Data presented in this report indicate that the survival and growth of indicator organisms and enteric pathogens on BAC filters used during water treatment is not probable and that the autochthonous microbial filter community plays an important role in the elimination of these contaminants.
• Growth and Persistence of Pathogens on Granular Activated Carbon Filters
• Biosand
• Biosand research results (poor bacteria removal)
• Slow Sand Filters

Ceramic filters

• Clay Pots
  • Potters for Peace filter
  • Potters for Peace filter research report (local copy)
• Candles
  • Silver Ceramic Water Purifiers
• Colloidal Silver (used to prevent bacterial growth in the ceramic filters
  • Ineffective disinfectant
  • EPA registered pesticide
  • Also see Potters for Peace filter research report (local copy)

Arsenic

• Removing arsenic from groundwater for the developing world – a review
• Family filter with iron-coated sand: solution for arsenic removal in rural areas
• A low cost technique of arsenic removal from drinking water by coagulation using ferric chloride salt and alum
• A comparison of conventional and non-conventional treatment technologies on arsenic removal from water

SODIS

• 
• Everybody's Jaga Sodis
• Water Pasteurization

PuR

• P&G Health Sciences Institute

Chlorination

• Tablet feed chlorinators
• Effect of Turbidity on Chlorination Efficiency and Bacterial Persistence in Drinking Water
• Did Peru stop chlorination and then cause a cholera epidemic?
  • CDC - analysis of pathways (many pathways)
  • Chlorine saved the day (Chlorine Chemistry Council)
  • The myth that Peru stopped chlorination and got Cholera (The 1991 Cholera Epidemic in Peru: Not a Case of Precaution Gone Awry)

Public Health effects of Water Supply Improvements

• Role of disinfection in suppressing the spread of pathogens with drinking water: possibilities and limitations
• The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances: The 20th Century United States (claim that US mortality data shows that filtration and chlorination reduced mortality significantly) They published this in 2005.
• Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level

Contact time calculations

• C-T Contact Time and Inactivation Calculations for Chlorine Disinfection
• Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (EPA)
• LT1ESWTR Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Technical Guidance Manual (EPA)

Public Health Interventions

• An overview of health transitions, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge
• The effects of water supply on infant and childhood mortality: a review of historical evidence

Flow Control

• Water Clocks
• Mathematics of Water Clocks